Children with oral thrush often lack protein, vitamins, and minerals

Young children frequently develop thrush, an infection caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans, which is part of the natural microflora. Diet and immune capacity play a major role. Research also indicates that even mild deficiencies of protein, vitamins A and D, as well as iron and zinc, increase the risk of this unpleasant oral infection. These findings are reported in a study published in Nutrients.

Candida albicans, also known as “white yeast,” forms part of the extensive microflora found on mucous membranes. It is important for this microflora to be properly balanced in what is known as symbiosis. Candida albicans belongs to a group of opportunistic pathogens that are normally harmless as long as they are kept in check by beneficial microorganisms. However, if the immune system is weakened and dysbiosis occurs due to antibiotics, immunosuppressive medication, unhealthy diet, poor oral hygiene, or other factors, Candida albicans can proliferate on the mucous membranes and cause infections in the mouth (thrush) and elsewhere.
Thrush is typically characterized by white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, and palate. There can also be other symptoms such as redness, tenderness, difficulty swallowing, reduced appetite, and fatigue. The infection may even spread to the intestines or cause red, stinging rashes in the diaper area of infants.
Thrush is very common in young children, and the infection often goes away by itself. However, if the immune system is weak, it can persist and worsen over time.
Because diet has a major influence on the pathogenic growth of Candida albicans, the aim of the new study was to examine this connection more closely.
The Romanian study included 60 children between six months and six years of age. They were divided into two groups: one with thrush and one healthy control group. Researchers measured the children’s blood levels of vitamins A and D, iron, and zinc, all of which are nutrients that are essential for immune function. They also measured albumin levels, as low albumin can indicate protein deficiency, which also affects immune function and general health. The severity of Candida albicans infection (candidiasis) was assessed using a specific scoring system.
The study found that all children with thrush had significantly lower blood levels of every measured nutrient compared with the healthy controls.
The researchers therefore conclude that even mild deficiencies of protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, and zinc may increase the risk of oral thrush in young children.

More information about Candida albicans and simple dietary tips

Candida albicans thrives on carbohydrates. This means that a diet rich in carbohydrates - especially refined, fast-acting types from white flour, sugar, soft drinks, juice, sweets, cakes, biscuits, pizza, fries, ketchup, dried fruit, fruit yogurt, cornflakes, and other sugary foods - provides ideal growth conditions for the yeast. The same applies if meals lack protein from sources such as meat, fish, eggs, legumes, nuts, and similar foods.
Most nutrients can be obtained from a healthy, varied diet, possibly supplemented by a good multivitamin. Because summer sunlight is the primary natural source of vitamin D, it is important for children to spend time outdoors but without getting sunburned. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration recommends that children up to four years old take vitamin D supplements year-round.

References:

Alexandru-Emilian Flondor et al. Nutritional Deficiencies and Oral candidiasis in Children from Northeastern Romania: A Cross-Sectional Biochemical Assessment. Nutrients 2025

Theresa Lange et al. “Pour some sugar on me” – Environmental Candida albicans isolates and the evolution of increased pathogenicity and antifungal resistance through sugar adaption. PlOS Pathogens 2025

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